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Determinants of Climate Smart Agriculture Adoption in Selected Regions of Vietnam
Dissertation Abstract:
Rice production is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Vietnam. To mitigate rice production's contribution to climate change (CC) and enhance farmer's resilience, various Climate-smart Agriculture Practices and Technologies (CSAPTs) for the sector have been introduced in recent years. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of water-saving techniques and improved stress tolerance varieties on farmers' adoption and farm household income in the three sub-regions, namely North, Central and South Vietnam, respectively. This study also assessed whether gender is an important variable in the adoption of CSAPTs. A multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) model of alternative combinations of CSAPTs and net rice income along with a counterfactual analysis was used for this study.
The surveys covered a random sample of 579 rice-farming households in three provinces: Thai Binh (North), Ha Tinh (Central), and Bac Lieu (South). Generally, climate-related shocks, plot-specific characteristics, access to climate information, confidence on skills of extension workers and number of social and agricultural groups were found to be the key factors affecting the farmers' decision on CSA adoption in study sites. With regards to gender issues, men were found to have more incentives to adopt CSAPTs in Bac Lieu (South) province while the probability of CSA adoption was higher for women in Ha Tinh (Central) and Thai Binh (North) provinces. CSAPTs that were adopted alone or in combination had a positive response effect on net rice income. However, this effect was greater when these practices were used together.
The following are the recommendations given these findings. Firstly, the biophysical characteristics of specific area (e.g. prone to flood or drought, prone to salinity) should be determined and be used as basis for recommending more appropriate CSAPTs. Secondly, CSAPTs that have been tested in field research/experiments and found suitable for the biophysical, climatic, and socio-economic conditions of the intended beneficiaries should be disseminated to farmers through communication and training materials to enhance their awareness and knowledge. Thirdly, the skills and knowledge of agricultural extension workers should be upgraded to accelerate the dissemination of CSAPTs to farmers. Lastly, all farmers irrespective of their gender, age and ethnic origin should be given equal opportunities to have access to new technologies and practices through attendance in trainings and visit of demonstration sites that would ensure that they can equally learn and benefit from any intervention that can reduce risks linked to CC.