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Bioactive Compounds from Ploiarium alternifolium (Theaceae) and Calophyllum mucigerum (Guttiferae)
Abstract:
Chemical and cytotoxic studies were carried out in two plant species: Calophyllum mucigerum (Guttiferae) and Ploiarium alternifolium (Theaceae). The chemical investigations covered anthraquinones, triterpenes, xanthone, and coumarins. These compounds were isolated using common chromatographic techniques and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and identified using spectroscopic methods including 2-D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatographymass spectroscopy (GCMS), mass spectrum (MS), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV).
P. alternifolium provided emodin, ploiariquinone A, 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-6- methoxy-anthraquinone, 3ß-benzoyloxyolean-11-en-13ß,28-olide, and euxanmodin C. Emodin and 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-6-methoxy-anthraquinone have not been reported from P. alternifolium. C. mucigerum gave the common steroidal triterpenes friedelin and stigmasterol, a prenylated xanthone cudraxanthone C, and two coumarins mucigerin I and mucigerin II.
The crude n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol stem bark extracts of both plants were screened for their larvicidal activity against the larvae Aedes aegypti. The crude n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts for both plants were susceptible to the larvae of A. aegypti with LC50 values of 95.0 μg/ml, 138.5 μg/ml, and 147.4 μg/ml, respectively for C. mucigerum. Larvicidal activity on the pure compound emodin gave an LC50 value of 2.79 μg/ml.
The cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities tests were also carried out in the three crude extracts of both plants and on the pure compounds. Cytotoxicities were determined by performing the microtitration assay. All the crude extracts were weakly cytotoxic toward the CEM-SS cell line except hexane extracts from C. mucigerum and P. alternifolium which gave moderate activity with IC50=16.2 μg/ ml and IC50=19.2 μg/ml. The antimicrobial activity was tested using the modified disc diffusion method. The crude extracts from both plants also showed different antimicrobial activity against the growth of four bacteria, namely: Bacillus subtilis mutant, B. subtilis wild type, Staphylococcus aures, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, these crude extracts were weakly active against the bacteria with less than 10 mm diameter inhibition zone.