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Properties of Wood Adhesives with Three Filler Types as Related to Bond Formation
Dissertation Abstract:
Three separate experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the capability of three different types of filler, namely: white clay, lumbang shell, and tea waste. Their characteristics were analyzed for moisture content, ash content, and crude fat and fiber content using particle size and drying conditions.
Particle size class consisted of three particle size groups P1 (-100/+200 mesh), P2 (-200/+325 mesh), and P3 (-325 mesh). Drying conditions were D1 (100°Coven drying), D2 (50°C oven drying), and D3 (air drying). Three replicates were used throughout the experiment.
Glue-mix viscosity behavior was tested using phenol formaldehyde resin adhesive as binder and factors known to affect glue viscosity behavior, namely: agitation time, particle size class, and drying condition. The agitation time factor consisted of three time lengths: one-hour, two-hour, and three-hour. Particle size class and drying condition factors were the same as in the first experiment. Three replicates were used in the experiment.
Plywood bond formation was developed on three dissimilar species, namely; albizia, agathis, and meranti. It involved the following factors: size class, glue spread, level of filter's extension factors using two resin adhesives, and three fillers. Glue spread had four levels: 36 lbs/MSGL, 40 lbs/MSGL, 44 lbs/MSGL, and 48 lbs/MSGL. The levels of filler's extension used were 6 percent, 12 percent, 18 percent, 24 percent, and 30 percent. The particle size class was similar to the two previous studies. Six replicates were employed in the experiment.
Different characteristics of filler properties (moisture content, ash content, and crude fat and fiber content) were observed. The tea waste type of filler had values of 9.47 percent, 4.32 percent, 3.35 percent, and 10.62 percent, while lumbang shell values were 7.78 percent, 7.25 percent, 0.89 percent, and 60.59 percent. The white clay type of filler was characterized by low moisture content (3.48%) and high silica (46.31%) and aluminum oxide (33.08%) contents.
Filler properties were affected by particle size class and drying condition. Phenol formaldehyde filled with these three fillers showed different viscosity behavior. They were influenced by the particle size class, drying condition, and agitation time.
White clay filler showed low water-taking capability (0.33) while lumbang shell and tea waste fillers had 1.22 and 3.22 water-taking capability, respectively.
The increasing trend was observed in glue-mix viscosities influenced by the three factors of each filler. Adhesive-mixes filled with these three fillers showed dissimilar capability to meet the requirement of the Japanese plywood standard (JAS), even though all of them had complied with it. In urea formaldehyde adhesive-mixes, particle size class factor had significant effect on shear strength: that is P2 and P1 produced higher values of bond strength than P1. This was observed in all fillers under study.
The level of filler extension had an inverse effect on shear strength, meaning that higher levels of extension could only develop inferior panel qualities. Different percentages of retaining strength were shown after the panels were subjected to hot and cold soak test, but generally, all species of wood substrates performed in accordance with the standard.
In phenol formaldehyde adhesive-mixes, particle size class and filler's extension factors revealed similar effects on panel shear strength as it was observed in urea formaldehyde, while glue spread factor had emerged to exert a significant effect on panel bond strength. Glue spread of G1. 36 lbs/MSGL was inferior to the other three. Gluespread of G3, 44 lbs/MSGL was recommended because it is economical. All species produced panel strength that met the plywood standard of JAS.