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Changes in Traditional Forms of Cooperation in Two Barangays
Dissertation Abstract:
This study sought to: describe the traditional institutions of cooperation in two Philippine barangays (villages) with respect to their nature, prevalence, and functions; determine the changes taking place among the traditional cooperative institutions; identify the factors that account for the changes in traditional institutions of cooperation; and describe the cooperative development programs in two Philippine barangays indicating the traditional forms of cooperation they adopted.
Case studies of the traditional forms of cooperation were undertaken in Dongon West, Numancia, Aklan and San Isidro, Libon, Albay using an interview guide. A prepared interview schedule was also used to get more systematic information that would substantiate earlier observations.
Results revealed that traditional forms of cooperation were practiced in both farming and non-farming activities in the two barangays. In general, two types of cooperation seemed common: one, where immediate reciprocal exchange of labor was expected, and another, where labor was extended with or without anticipating an exchange of favor extended in some undetermined future.
The first was known as hilo in the Visayas and loyo in Bicol. In both barangays, these traditional forms of cooperation were undertaken for the following farm activities: farm clearing, plowing, harrowing, preparation of farm ridges, transplanting, and harvesting. Plowing and transplanting remained to be the only farm activities subjected to such practice. In non-farm activities, hilo was practiced in carpentry, nipa-thatches making, and sinamay weaving.
The second type was known as sagibin in Dongon West and banga in San Isidro. This was practiced for a wide variety of farm and non-farm activities like moving a house, plowing, harvesting, and transplanting. This type of cooperation was likewise applied in most community projects such as road constructions, digging of canals, rat eradication, and repair of irrigation ditches.
Other forms of cooperation were also shown in social activities like weddings, baptisms, and the vigil and burial for the dead.
The changes noted on the traditional institutions of cooperation were the rare practice of the traditional forms of cooperation changes brought by new farming equipment and machineries, lesser farmer participants, and cooperative farm activities which tended to become individual/family activities. Causes for such changes emanated from the introduction of farmers to a cash economy, and the availability and access of farmers to non-farm employment.