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Superparasitism and multiparasitism of three mango leafhopper species by Strepsipterans, Callipharixenos philippines Kathirithamby & McMahon (CalIipharixenidae), and Halictophagus fulmeki (Hofeneder) (Halictophagidae)
Dissertation Abstract:
Male Halictophagus fulmeki parasitized Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry), I. niveosparsus (Lethierry), and Bakera nigrobilineata (Melichar), but female parasitized only on I. clypealis. Superparasitism was observed on the two species of Idioscopus only. Female Callipharixenos philippines parasitized only I. niveosparsus. No males were found, suggesting species is parthenogenic. Multiparasitism was observed between male H. fulmeki and female C. philippines on I. niveosparsus. The primary reproductive organs are affected by superparasitism and multiparasitism. The parasitoids can be called reproductive castrators of MLH. Superparasitism also affected the parasitoids. The presence of two or more females H. fulmeki on I. clypealis or C. philippines on I. niveosparsus reduced in lower number of eggs or triungulins contained in a smaller ovisac.
Multiparasitism was also observed between female H. fulmeki and female of another Halictophagus sp. Two unidentified strepsipterans species were collected during the study (February 2013–January 2014, UP Los Baños campus). They were classified under the genus Halictophagus based on the morphological character of extrusion and number of genital ducts in ovisac.
Female Halictophagus sp. 1, together with female H. fulmeki, was collected from a female I. clypealis. Halictophagus sp. 2 females were more numerous and were collected from B. nigrobilineata. Only H. fulmeki males were collected, suggesting that the two Halictophagus unknowns are parthenogenic. Neotenic female H. fulmeki and C. philippines were described.
