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The Efficacy of Three Species of Trichoderma for the Control of Basal Stem Rot in Oil Palm Seedlings
Abstract:
This study evaluated the potential of three Trichoderma species, namely T. harzianum (isolates BIO T32), T. longibrachiatum (BIO T28) for the control of Ganoderma boninense (EGB 01), the causal pathogen of basal stem rot (BSR) of oil palms in nursery trials. Besides their spore production and antagonistic properties, this study also investigated the growth response of each of the species toward a wide range of temperature and pH conditions. All three species exhibited particular strengths in the growth parameters studied but BIO T32 exhibited consistent and relatively good antagonistic properties and was used as the main inoculant in nursery trials against G. boninense. The type and size of wood black were found to influence the success and consistency of the inocula in establishing disease during artificial infection of seedlings. Very low infectivity rates were achieved when inoculum blocks were half to a quarter of the standard 6 × 6 × 12 cm; this size was found to give consistent infection rates leading to approximately 85 percent mortality. In nursery trials, seedlings treated with a single inoculum of T. harzianum (T1) gave the lowest and most significant disease severity index (DSI) of 28.34. The conidial drench was stopped at week 14 and the first sign of disease was only observed on week 20. The uninfected and untreated control seedlings gave a DSI of 0 whereas the infected, untreated controls gave a DSI of 86.87. Soils under treatment using single (T1), two mixed (T2), and three mixed (T3) inocula showed an increase in spore count based on colony forming units (cfu) starting from two weeks after application. When the soil drench was terminated at week 14, the spore count was peak on the 18th, 14th, and 10th week for T1, T2, and T3 treatments, respectively. Spore counts of BIO T32 were not significantly different on the upper (5 cm) and deeper (15 cm) layer of the treated soils. This study found that when T. harzianum (BIO T32) was used as a single inoculum, it gave the most significant and effective performance as a biological control agent. This was only followed by a mixture of T. harzianum and T. longibrachiatrum. Lastly, the use of a combination of three Trichoderma species were found to give the poorest disease control, giving a DSI that was not statistically different from the infected, untreated control experiment.