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Characterization of the Philippine Native Pig (Sus scrofa L.) Based on Phenotype, Karyotype, and Protein Polymorphism
Dissertation Abstract:
The Philippine native pig (Sus scrofa L.) was characterized based on phenotype, karyotype, and protein profile using the native pig herd at the Institute of Animal Science Farm, University of the Philippines Los Baños from January 1992 to September 1993. Documentation of the phenotype of 19 male and 21 female native pigs kept in confinement and fed with standard ration showed that black was the predominant coat color pattern (85%), varying from pure black (40%), or with white spots on the face, hocks, and tail (32.5%), or white underline (10%). Rust-brown (7.5%) and light brown with black spots (10%) were also observed. The majority (65.5%) had concave back and sagging belly; all had erect ears.
Body weight (B W) increased with age, from 4.62 kg (12 weeks old) to 36.83 kg (32 weeks old); females were heav ier than males at 26- 32 weeks. Average daily gain (ADG) was lowest at 30-32 weeks old (0.18 kg), highest at 18-20 weeks old (0.27 kg); females which were 26- 30 weeks old had higher ADG. At 32 weeks of age, cumulative feed consumption was 111.33 kg; average daily feed consumption was 0.73 kg; and overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 3.34 kg. Body length and heartgirth consistently increased with age, (21.54-32.3 in and 21.16-31.34 in, respectively) but tapered off from the 28'h week onwards at which age females had longer body and bigger heartgirth. Back fat became thicker with increasing live weight (LW): 2.29 em at 3 1.75 kg LW and 2.39 em at 39.91 kg LW. At a slaughter weight of 49.75 kg, dressing percentage (hot carcass) was 62.14 percent; carcass length was 57.85 in; loin eye area, 14.59 cm2; and back fat was 2.56 em. Among wholesale cuts, trimmed loin comprised 19.16 percent of entire carcass yield while trimmed ham was 18.92 percent. Meat had traces to slight marbling, slightly soft to average fat firmness, slightly soft lean, slightly pinkish to grayish pink in color. Cultured leucocytes of 10 male and 10 female native pigs showed a total genomic complement of 2n = 38 [(1811 +XX (E) or XY (G)]. Autosome pairs were grouped into five submetacentric, two subtelocentric, five metacentric, and sixtolecentric. The X-chromosome was meta-submetacentric while the Y-chromosome, the smallest in the complement, was metacentric. G-banding technique revealed that bands in the native pig chromosomes agreed with those of domestic pigs.
Starch-gelelectrophoresis using blood serum from 100 native pigs showed that Tf and Akp loci were polymorphic while Alb and Es-1 were monomorphic. At the Tf locus, four bands were observed, inferred to be genes A, B, and Cat frequencies 0.295, 0.465, 0.240, respectively. Genotypes TfAA, TtBB, TfCC at frequencies 0.09, 0.23, 0.20, 0.21 and 0.27, respectively, were observed. Homozygous genotypes had two bands, heterozygotes had three. At the Akp locus, three banding patterns of presumptive genotypes AkpAA, AkpAB and AkpBB at frequencies 0.45, 0.19, and 0.36, respectively, were observed. Homozygous Akp had one band; heterozygotes had two. Based on the four loci studies, average heterozygosity was 22 percent. Inference was not made, however, because it can only be valid if the number of loci evaluated was 20 or more. At the Tf locus, test population shared the highest percentage of the most common alle le with the native pig population of Occidental Mindoro (I=.959) and Quezon Province (I=.957). Marinduque (I=. 7997) had the least percentage.